Our greenhouse gas emissions (CO₂ footprint)

We report our greenhouse gas emissions in accordance with the ESRS requirements, taking into account the principles, requirements, and guidance set out in the GHG Protocol, broken down by scope (1, 2, and 3): ^{(ESRS E1-6 par. 44)}

Methodology and key assumptions ^{(ESRS E1-6 AR 39)}

Our greenhouse gas emissions have been calculated and presented in line with the ESRS E1 standard, which is inspired by the international Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard and its guidelines.

We derive the emission factors from various public and non-public sources, such as the website www.co2emissiefactoren.nl and DEFRA. We review these factors annualy and update these when changes have occured. In some cases, we receive emission data directly from external suppliers who determine these using their own calculations. We report in CO₂ -equivalents. We explain the methodology and assumptions for the most significant categories per scope below.

Scope 1: Direct emissions

Scope 1 includes the direct emissions of greenhouse gases from sources owned or controlled by the company. The largest sources of emissions are technical leaks in the gas network and fuel consumption by leased cars and service vehicles (see table).

Carbon emissions from technical gas leaks are calculated using OGMP2.0. This methodology is managed by Kiwa. Important variables we provide are the lengths and the type of materials of the pipelines. Also, the (average) number of leaks, faults, and damages is part of the OGMP2.0. The calculations are based on 2024 data: the numbers and lengths of our gas network do not differ significantly year on year. The emission factor used is sourced from www.co2emissiefactoren.nl.

To determine the CO₂ emissions from lease and service vehicles, we use data provided by our suppliers. This data consists of the number of litres of fuel consumed per fuel type. Using the emission factors from www.co2emissiefactoren.nl, we calculate the CO₂-eq emissions for each fuel type.

Scope 1 includes the gas consumption of our buildings. This concerns the consumption of both our own buildings and the consumption in rented buildings. We calculate CO₂ emissions using the emission factor for natural gas provided by www.co2emissiefactoren.nl.

Scope 2: Indirect emissions of electricity and heat

Scope 2 refers to all greenhouse gas emissions from the generation of electricity and heat that we use. As a grid operator, we distribute electricity. During electricity distribution, energy is always lost, for example, due to cable resistance. We refer to this as electricity grid transmission losses. In addition, we use electricity in our buildings and in some of our leased cars.

We present our CO₂ emissions in two ways:

• Location-based: CO₂ emissions based on the actual energy mix on the grid

• Market-based: CO₂ emissions based on purchased electricity, including Guarantees of Origin (GoOs)

The majority of our location-based emissions is caused by electricity grid losses. This is the difference between the amount of electricity fed into the grid and the amount withdrawn from the grid. We have to compensate these grid losses. We do this by purchasing the equivalent amount of electricity from various suppliers. This electricity is treated as our own consumption. We express it in GWh and convert it into CO₂-equivalents using the emission factor of the national grid mix, sourced from www.co2emissiefactoren.nl. We reduce the emissions from grid losses by purchasing Guarantees of Origin (GoOs).

Scope 2 also includes the electricity usage of our buildings. For the buildings we manage ourselves, we purchase green electricity. For leased buildings, we do not always have authority over energy procurement, so energy is not always procured as green. In two buildings, we use heat from a local district heating network. For any non-green electricity we buy GoOs. The electricity usage of the buildings is measured in GWh, and the data are provided by an external metering service provider. The emission factor used for electricity, based on the national grid mix, is sourced from www.co2emissiefactoren.nl.

Finally, scope 2 includes the electricity usage of leased cars and service vehicles. To determine the CO₂ emissions of leased cars and service vehicles, we use data in KWh that we receive from suppliers. As this electricity is charged at charging points over which Enexis has no control in energy procurement, we assume that the national energy mix is used. The emission factor is also sourced from www.co2emissiefactoren.nl. We also buy GoOs for this electricity

Scope 3: Other indirect emissions

Scope 3 includes all greenhouse gas emissions in our value chain, both upstream and downstream. These are emissions that we do not generate directly ourselves but that result from our activities. The international GHG Protocol distinguishes 15 categories. Categories 8 to 14 do not apply to us, as we do not sell goods or services. We calculate part of our Scope 3 emissions (30%) based on financial expenditure (spend-based method). Where specific data are available, for example, information on a supplier’s CO₂ emissions, we use those data. The remaining 70% of scope 3 emissions is calculated using specific data or estimates based on specific data.^{(ESRS E1, AR46g)} We are working on obtaining more specific data, so we can calculate our scope 3 emissions with increasing accuracy. Below, we explain the three largest categories.

Category 1: Purchased goods and services, includes, among other things, smaller materials such as tools, ICT, and other services. We calculate these emissions using a spend-based approach and, where available, supplier-specific information. For each category, we apply the most appropriate emission factors, sourced from DEFRA (managed by the UK Department for Environment) or provided directly by suppliers. The CO₂-eq emissions for electricity transport services are calculated based on spend, multiplied by a DEFRA emission factor that is appropriate for service-related activities.

Category 2: Capital goods include emissions generated during the production of our main capital goods, such as cables, gas pipes, and transformers. Our calculations are based on emissions data per kilogram of material, as specified in the raw material passports provided by suppliers. Our approach to raw material passports is explained in the chapter 'Resource use and circular economy'. We multiply the quantities of materials used by the emission factors per kilogram provided by the research agency CE Delft. This enables us to convert emissions by component type to CO₂ equivalents. When specific material data are unavailable, we supplement the calculation with investment amounts (spending). In such cases, we apply a weighted average based on the total set of components for which specific data are available.

Contracting activities are also included in category 2. We calculate emissions from contracting based on the CO₂ footprint (scope 1 and 2) of contractors. The scope 3 emissions of contractors are not included here in order to avoid double counting with our procurement of materials. Scope 1 and 2 are expressed as emissions per million euros of turnover, and relate this to our expenditure. When contractor-specific information is unavailable, we extrapolate the average emissions per million euros spent for contractors with available data to those for whom no specific CO₂ information is available.

Category 3: Fuel and energy-related activities include both the emissions from administrative gas losses and upstream emissions associated with the fuel consumption of leased cars and service vehicles, generators, and buildings. We determine administrative gas losses by subtracting technical leak losses from total network losses. Fuel consumption is calculated using consumption data multiplied by the relevant well-to-tank (WTT) emission factors from www.CO2emissiefactoren.nl. For a small portion of these emissions, we continue to apply the spend-based method. The emissions in this category are presented on a market‑based basis. This means that the upstream emissions of the electricity for which Guarantees of Origin (GoOs) have been purchased are multiplied by an emission factor of 0.

Explanation of changes in 2025 compared to 2024

Scope 1: Direct emissions

The total CO₂-eq emissions in scope 1 decreased by 9%. A closer look at our direct emissions shows several developments:

• Gas leak losses declined significantly compared to 2024 (a 9% reduction). This category accounted for 91% of scope 1 emissions in 2025. The reduction was achieved by increasing the frequency of gas leak detection and repairing gas leaks more quickly. In addition, the number of excavation damages to service lines decreased.

• Emissions resulting from natural gas consumption in our own buildings fell by 16%. This decrease is primarily attributable to relocations to buildings that no longer use natural gas.

• Emissions from fuel consumption by lease and service vehicles decreased slightly, by 2%. This is due to the growing number of lease drivers switching to electric vehicles. Emissions from electric vehicles are reported under Scope 2. Lease and service vehicles accounted for 8% of scope 1 emissions.

Scope 2: Indirect emissions of electricity and heat

The CO₂-eq emissions from electricity transmission losses decreased by 17% (location-based). This was due to a reduction in the CO₂ emission factor of the national grid mix compared to 2024 (from 0.27 to 0.22 kg CO₂ per kWh). The national grid mix improved as a result of a higher share of renewable electricity in the total mix and because fossil-based electricity was generated using a cleaner production mix (less coal, more gas and CHP).

The volume of electricity transmission losses in MWh increased by 2%. We fully green these losses by purchasing GoOs. On a market-based basis, emissions therefore amounted to 0 tonnes of CO₂-eq.

Although electricity consumption in our buildings increased slightly, location-based CO₂‑eq emissions decreased slightly by 3%. This is due to a significant reduction in the CO₂ emission factor of the national grid mix (19%). On a market‑based basis, this again results in zero tonnes of CO₂‑eq emissions in 2025. The same applies to our electric lease and company vehicles. Consumption increased, but due to the falling emission factor, the location‑based emissions decreased.

Scope 3: Other indirect emissions

Scope 3 CO₂‑eq emissions increased by 26%. This is mainly due to the growth in investments for the expansion, management, and maintenance of our grids. As a result, we purchase more components and our organisation continues to grow.

Correction of prior‑period errors and changes in estimates – comparative figures CO₂‑eq footprint 2024

The total emissions for scopes 1, 2 and 3, as reported in the 2024 annual report, amounted to 1,173,312 tonnes of CO₂‑eq (location‑based). In 2025, we identified that some underlying assumptions had been applied incorrectly, which required a correction of errors. In addition, a change in estimates prompted us to adjust the 2024 CO₂‑eq footprint. The total location‑based emissions for 2024 have been adjusted to 999,641 tonnes of CO₂‑eq. The impact of these adjustments is shown in the table below. An explanation of each adjustment is provided beneath the table.

Prior‑period errors

Scope 1

In the 2024 annual report, the emission factor for biogenic methane was mistakenly applied, whereas the factor for fossil methane should have been used. Adjusting the emission factor results in an increase of 6,913 tonnes of CO₂‑eq. In addition, a minor correction led to an adjustment of 1,148 tonnes of CO₂‑eq.

Scope 2

In 2024, the location‑based emissions of electricity grid losses for scope 2 were mistakenly calculated using supplier electricity labels. Electricity labels indicate the specific CO₂‑eq emissions per MWh of energy suppliers. However, a location‑based calculation must be determined using the national grid mix. The emissions calculated on the basis of electricity labels amounted to 449,116 tonnes of CO₂‑eq. The emissions based on the national grid mix amount to 333,789 tonnes of CO₂‑eq. This has been corrected for the year 2024. The impact of this revision is a decrease of 115,326 tonnes of CO₂‑eq in scope 2 (location‑based).

Scope 3

Categories 1 and 2 in scope 3 include, among other things, the emissions from our components. In calculating the emissions of components, we have implemented several adjustments. The reasons for these adjustments are: a double counting occurred, a methodological adjustment was applied, and specific information that became available during 2025 regarding a component has been applied retroactively to 2024. As a result, CO₂‑eq emissions in category 1 increase by 777 tonnes of CO₂‑eq. In category 2, emissions decrease by 22,296 tonnes of CO₂‑eq due to these corrections. Additional smaller adjustments within scope 3 have also been made, resulting in a further decrease of 5,751 tonnes of CO₂‑eq in scope 3.

Change in estimate

Scope 3

In 2025, DEFRA, an internationally recognised database for CO₂ emission factors, revised its emission factors retroactively. We use DEFRA’s emission factors to calculate our spend‑based emissions in scope 3. For purposes of comparability of the baseline year data, the spend‑based emissions in the 2024 CO₂‑eq footprint have been recalculated using the revised emission factors. As a result of this change in estimate, CO₂‑eq emissions for 2024 are 39,134 tonnes of CO₂‑eq lower—spread across several scope 3 categories—than reported in the 2024 annual report.

Emission intensity

The table below presents the emission intensity per unit of net revenue: ^{(ESRS E1-6 AR 54)}

The net revenues from activities in sectors with a major climate impact are derived from the net revenue as presented in note 1 to the consolidated financial statements.